Archive | Knowledge Hub

While the concept as such existed at least from the early forms of nationhood in ancient times, the word “bureaucracy” itself stems from the word “bureau”, used from the early 18th century in Western Europe not just to refer to a writing desk, but to an office, i.e., a workplace, where officials worked.

Of the available conceptual definitions, in sociology, Modernity is “marked and defined by an obsession with ‘evidence’ “, visual culture, and personal visibility (Leppert 2004, 19). Generally, the large-scale social integration constituting modernity, involves the:

Before 1917, various thinkers looked to innovative forms of social organization, or methods of regulating capitalism, to achieve change in prevailing structures.

Marx and Engels and the major leaders of the Second International represented a distinct and unusual path in socialist thought. Here, Marx, not only associated capitalism with exploitation but also with alienation, a shortcoming which even affected those who benefited most from capitalism that is the bourgeoisie.

State can be defined as the centralized, law making, law enforcing, and politically sovereign institution in the society. In other words, it is useful to understand and define the State in terms of the functions it performs. The State has been described as’:

The Enlightenment had answered this question in the affirmative. Enlightenment optimism emanated, in part, from its view that science had revealed the truth.