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Enzymes, commonly known as biocatalysts, are unique and highly specific globular proteins. They accelerate chemical reactions without themselves undergoing any apparent change during the process.

Stem is an aerial part of a plant and develops from the plumule of seeds. It develops upwards against the force of gravitation and towards the source of light. It possesses definite nodes and internodes. The growing point of the stem remains at its apex and is represented by terminal bud.

Soil is usually defined as any part of the earth’s crust in which plants root. Soil is composed of three types of constituents: (i) soil particles (ii) water and (iii) air.

Growth and multiplication of cells of a living organism are the basic necessities for its proper growth. The process of cell division is found same in all living organisms and the events are chiefly centre in the nucleus.

Despite the great diversity in the structure of cells, the basic structural plan is similar in all the cells. It can be expressed as generalized cells. A small speck of protoplasm that constitutes one cell is called pro­toplast. Protoplast or protoplasm of a cell can be differentiated in three essential parts, i.e.

It is swollen in the middle but tapers gradually towards the two ends, e.g., radish.

It consists of organic matter such as dung of cattle, dead leaves and twigs. It improves the texture of soil, provides food to the beneficial bacteria and increases the water-holding capacity of soil.

Plants belonging to this group are the simplest and most primitive ones. Their bodies are not differentiated into organs like root, stem and leaf. In fact, the body is an undifferentiated mass of cells known as thallus.

Dispersal of Fruits and Seeds the dispersal of fruits and seeds is the advantage of plants, as it enables them to flourish in a peaceful manner and find new localities where conditions are favorable for their growth.