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These resources neither have a life-cycle nor can be recycled, for example, mineral deposits, soil, fossil fuels like coal and petrol once used cannot be regenerated and are exhaustible, as their deposits are limited.

The Industrial Revolution changed the lives of people in Europe in a most dramatic way. It brought them from the countryside to the city in search of jobs; it changed their life patterns, created new tastes and recreations. Most significantly, it saw the organization of production of goods on a scale never known before.

Some historians have suggested that these processes of democratization took place in the course of ‘the long nineteenth century’, the period from 1760 to 1919, beginning with the Industrial Revolution and ending with the First World War.

The Ottoman Empire, China under the Ming’s and India under the Mughals were at the same stage of development. They suffered from one major drawback, however, and that was their domination by a centralized authority which did not provide conditions conducive to intellectual growth.

Those who were worried about the way manufacturers and the market could draw the consumer into a net that ensnared him in different ways-both making him buy goods he did not really “want” and also providing him with shoddy goods- quickly sought to set up bodies that would prevent this.

State takeover of forests and the harnessing of forest resources for industrial development had its effect on the nature of the forest. Often, mixed forests had to give way to monoculture stands of species like pines, which were more suitable for construction and industrial needs.

Demographics or demographic data are the charact­eristics of a human population as used in government, marketing or opinion research, or the demographic profiles used in such research.

At present at least five cores of Indians live under army rule. This is partly due to the violent activities of the non-state actors. The post-colonial state inherited several colonial legacies.

Total war is a war of unlimited scope in which a belligerent engages in a mobilization of all available resources at their disposal, whether human, industrial, agricultural, military, natural,; technological, or otherwise, in order to entirely destroy or render, beyond use their rival’s capacity to continue resistance.

Afghanistan was a classic case that proved the limitations of modern war in the non-European world. Afghanistan was not nation state with a capital but a decentralized tribal structure.

Technology shapes warfare, not war. War is timeless and universal. It has afflicted virtually every state known to human history. Warfare is the conduct of war. It is the clash of arms or the maneuver of armed forces in the field.