Archive | Geography

Unchanging climate of high temperatures and very heavy rainfall

The surface of the Earth is subject to decay and deterioration due to geological pressures and frictions though they occur steadily and slowly.

i. Spodosols usually have four very distinct layers: a surface layer of partly decayed organic matter, a light upper layer of coarse leached material, a dark lower layer where organic material and aluminum from the leached layer accumulate, and finally, the unaltered parent material.

i. Mollisols get their name from a Latin word meaning soft.

i. Vertisols get their name from the fact that they are self-inverting.

1. The different colours of soil reflect processes of formation and evolution.

Also called Transfer processes it involves internal reorganisation of matter and redistribution of energy, but involving movement, e.g., translocation of iron, clay, humus, and hydrated ions, diffusion of gases, ion exchange, and mass-movement and through flow, capillary rise, mixing by soil fauna, cryoturbation.

i. Inceptions get their name from the word inception.

i. Entices are recent soils, too young to show the modifying effects of their surroundings; therefore, they have no diagnostic layers that would qualify them for membership in any other soil order.

Distribution and Characteristics of Brown Soils are give below:

Brazil, W. Indies, tropical Africa, South India, forested warm temperate and tropical regions. These regions have alternate wet and dry period, and hot humid conditions.

Hot wet Equatorial regions including the Tropical regions of Asia, Africa, Australia and parts of central and South America

S. E. USA, S. E. China, S. Japan, S. E. Brazil, East coast of Africa, under climatic conditions of high temperature and abundant rainfall

‘Parkland’ areas of temperate grassland region; ‘Moister margin of chernozem soils; mid latitude, temperate humid climate.

Mid latitude deciduous forest on western margin of the continents and parts of eastern Asia, such as Manchuria, Korea, Japan, Western Europe, North East United States.

North America and Eurasia: Humid mid-latitude having Forest vegetation and temperate region having moderate to low rainfall in Coniferous vegetation.